[38] exposed Wistar rats to a 2.856GHz pulsed microwave field for 6min. Brain cancer with induction periods of less than 10 years in young military radar workers. Relationship between cognition function and hippocampus structure after long-term microwave exposure. Xu S, Ning W, Xu Z, Zhou S, Chiang H, Luo J. daily life. Glucose is the main energy source and is closely related to brain neurotransmitters and cholesterol synthesis [106]. J Cereb Blood Flow Metab. Biological effects of 2450 MHz microwave combined with -rays on rat cultured gliacytes. Hassanshahi A, Shafeie SA, Fatemi I, Hassanshahi E, Allahtavakoli M, Shabani M, et al. Biol Chem. Technol Cancer Res Treat. Article PubMed Bull Exp Biol Med. However, there is little scientific evidence to demonstrate that children are more sensitive to electromagnetic radiation than adults [24, 25]. Modulation of HSP response in SH-SY5Y cells following exposure to microwaves of a mobile phone. Sage C, Carpenter D, Hardell L. Comments on SCENIHR: opinion on potential health effects of exposure to electromagnetic fields. Mitochondria morphologic changes and metabolic effects of rat hippocampus after microwave irradiation. Laboratory of Experimental Pathology, Beijing Institute of Radiation Medicine, Beijing, 100850, China, You can also search for this author in 2015;51:15865. SAR Value There are guidelines internationally for short term exposure to cell phone frequency microwaves, defined in terms of the Specific Absorption Rate (SAR), the rate at which energy is absorbed by the human body when exposed to radio frequency radiation. Most bioassay and genotoxicity or mutation studies that have been performed in vitro have reported that exposure to microwave radiation at non-thermal levels does not have mutagenic/genotoxic/carcinogenic effects. This damage plays a key role in the structural and functional changes that are accelerated by neuronal degeneration. A radio frequency electric current enhances antibiotic efficacy against bacterial biofilms. Recent advances in the effects of microwave radiation on brains. Radiat Res. Because a childs nervous system is growing and their head is more vulnerable to radiation energy, studies that have specifically addressed whether the nervous systems of children are more susceptible to electromagnetic radiation have been performed. The effects of microwaving a human body Lia Koltyrina/Shutterstock But there are parts of the human body that are more prone to "cooking" fast, such as the eyeballs and testes. Reactive oxygen species levels and DNA fragmentation on astrocytes in primary culture after acute exposure to low intensity microwave electromagnetic field. 2000;284:30017. Lu M, Zhu J, Qian C, Wang G, Nie J, Tong J. PLoS One. Wang et al. The three groups were further divided into two groups according to their years of service (up to 10years and >10years) to investigate the effect of years of exposure to radar. 1999;75:44756. This study also revealed the dose-dependent relationship of the modulated microwave effect: decreasing the SAR 100-fold reduced the associated changes in the EEG by three- to six-fold and decreased the number of affected subjects but did not completely eliminate the effects. 2006;398:2537. Some studies have proposed that miRNAs play important roles in nerve regeneration, neurodegenerative diseases, and the pathogenesis of neuroblastoma and schizophrenia [93,94,95]. Singh et al. Acetylcholine: cognitive and brain functions. Besides, the Soviet Union banned microwaves in 1976 . It has also been reported that acute exposure to continuous waves of 900MHz EMF or 900MHz waves that were modulated to an amplitude of 50Hz increased reactive oxygen species (ROS) levels and DNA fragmentation as a result of the hyperstimulation of glutamate receptors [73]. Iran J Public Health. The hippocampus plays roles in learning and memory, and the results of these studies suggest that the deficits in learning and memory functions observed after exposure to microwave irradiation might be due to abnormalities induced in hippocampal structures. 2005;1042:1018. 2009;158:12639. 2016;74:99107. 1997;44:99104. Ragozzino ME, Unick KE, Gold PE. Int J Radiat Biol. Evaluation of Psychologic parameters in people occupationally exposed to radiofrequencies and microwave. The progeny brain oxidative balance and serum biochemistry, such as phosphorus, magnesium, glucose, triglycerides and calcium levels, were disrupted [60]. This classical method is often used to test learning and memory abilities after exposure to microwave radiation. Bioelectromagnetics. Particularly, the dramatically increasing number of mobile phones users rise significant concerns due to its potential damage on people exposed by radiofrequency waves. Qutob S, Chauhan V, Bellier P, Yauk C, Douglas G, Berndt L, et al. Chronic microwave exposures were executed with 2.45GHz of either modulated (power density, 0.029mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.019W/kg with a sinusoidal modulation of 400Hz) or non-modulated continuous sinusoidal wave (power density, 0.033mW/cm2; specific absorption rate, 0.023W/kg) for 2h daily for 1month. Zhao L, Sun C, Xiong L, Yang Y, Gao Y, Wang L, et al. [61] found that after pregnant rats were irradiated with 9.417GHz microwaves, the behavior of their offspring differed, and the outcome was sex-dependent. Article 2010;28:445. In 57% of military devices, Polish soldiers work in occupational protection zones. Google Scholar. Biomed Environ Sci. Digestive System: The unstable catabolism of microwaved foods alters their elemental food substances, causing disorders in the digestive system. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagn Biol Med. 2011;31:2293301. Concurrently, the discovery that microwaves have positive biological effects has presented new challenges for research and applications in this field. Bioelectromagnetics. Koivisto M, Revonsuo A, Krause C, Haarala C, Sillanmki L, Laine M, et al. A large amount of heat can be generated to caused severe damage to the body. Antimicrob Agents Chemother. Richter ED, Berman T, Levy O. J Neurosci Methods. Role of distinct NMDA receptor subtypes at central synapses. However, other reports have indicated that unlike ionizing radiation, the microwave radiation produced by mobile phones does not possess sufficient energy to directly damage DNA. Othman et al. Dasdag et al. Medical and biological aspects of the effects of non-ionizing electromagnetic (EM) fields and radiation on human health . Synapse. 2013;34:26474. Dasdag S, Bilgin H, Akdag M, Celik H, Aksen F. Effect of long term mobile phone exposure on oxidative-antioxidative processes and nitric oxide in rats. Impairment of long-term potentiation induction is essential for the disruption of spatial memory after microwave exposure. J Natl Cancer Inst. Therefore, the authors concluded that exposure to a radiofrequency of 900MHz might trigger the neoplastic process because it produces a relative increase in the number of potentially long-lived cells. Kayhan H, Esmekaya MA, Saglam AS, Tuysuz MZ, Canseven AG, Yagci AM, et al. Jeong J. EEG dynamics in patients with Alzheimer's disease. Narayanan SN, Kumar RS, Potu BK, Nayak S, Mailankot M. Spatial memory perfomance of wistar rats exposed to mobile phone. Predictors and overestimation of recalled mobile phone use among children and adolescents. J Natl Cancer Inst. Researchers have also used the 12-arm maze test on rats to test spatial working ability after exposure to 2.45GHz pulse microwave radiation. Proliferation and apoptosis in a neuroblastoma cell line exposed to 900 MHz modulated radiofrequency field. Of these, five rats were repeatedly exposed to extremely low-frequency microwaves (915MHz; pulse width, 20ms; average power density, 0.3mW/cm2; repetition frequency, 4.0Hz; intermittently for 1min, On for 1min, and Off for 10min; SAR, 0.7mW/g) and 5 were in the sham group. In the CNS, glutamic acid binds and plays physiological roles with the following two receptors: ionotropic glutamate and metabolic glutamate. Wang L, Li X, Peng R, Gao Y, Zhao L, Wang S, et al. To determine the precise dose-effect relationship between microwave radiation and its biological effects, further detailed studies must be performed. Mitochondrial lipid abnormality and electron transport chain impairment in mice lacking -synuclein. One study reported by the Interphone study group [13] showed that there was no increase in the risk of glioma or meningioma in users of mobile phones. However, in rats treated with long-term exposure to radiation, neurons exhibit edema and are arranged irregularly. But microwave refers to wavelengths in microns so the. 1992;49:1818. Cosquer B, Kuster N, Cassel JC. J Mol Neurosci. 2009;27:556572. Bad impacts a microwave has on our daily lives. Physiol Behav. Int J Radiat Biol. These spines have been reported to share a close relationship with learning and memory abilities, and when protein synthesis in dendritic spines is blocked, new spine growth and the development of long spines are both decreased [91]. & Hu, XJ. PubMed It addresses the impact on developing head and brain tumours, other morbidity-related outcomes and summarizes the biological effects of RF and microwave radiation. Mack et al. PubMed Use of mobile phones and risk of brain tumours: update of Danish cohort study. Bioelectromagnetics. Exposure of rat brain to 915 MHz GSM microwaves induces changes in gene expression but not double stranded DNA breaks or effects on chromatin conformation. Richter ED, Berman T, Ben-Michael E, Laster R, Westin JB. Wang et al. In the lower SAR group, the , 1 and 2 bands were affected in the three subjects. While microwave oven radiation doesn't cause cancer, it can cause painful burns if you're exposed to them. Neuroreport. Microarray gene expression profiling of a human glioblastoma cell line exposed in vitro to a 1.9 GHz pulse-modulated radiofrequency field. Ozben T. Oxidative stress and apoptosis: impact on cancer therapy. Bioelectromagnetics. Electromagnetic radiation can be absorbed by organisms, in which it causes a series of physiological and functional changes. Neuroreport. 2005;25:10190201. Megha et al. PubMed Central Effect of 900 MHz radio frequency radiation on beta amyloid protein, protein carbonyl, and malondialdehyde in the brain. [50] exposed Wistar rats to 2.856GHz microwaves at an average power density of 5, 10, 20 or 30mW/cm2 for 6min three times per week for up to 6weeks and found that on day 14 after irradiation, the levels of Asp and Glu were lower in the hippocampus in the group treated with 5mW/cm2 but higher in the group treated with 30mW/cm2, The levels of GABA were elevated. Szmigielski S. Cancer risks related to low-level RF/MW exposures, including cell phones. PubMed PubMed 2006;12:44651. Additionally, the number of crossings was significantly lower at 3 d after microwave radiation. 2010;39:67594. Regarding the ultra-structure of the hippocampus, symptoms including neuronal atrophy, mitochondrial swelling, crest reduction and a disordered arrangement were observed, the rough endoplasmic reticulum exhibited cystic expansion, the number of synaptic vesicles decreased, and the synaptic cleft was widened (2.45GHz pulsed microwave field at an average power density of 1mW/cm2 for 3h/d for up to 30days [45] and an average power density of 2.5, 5, or 10mW/cm2 for 6min/d for up to 1month resulted in an average calculated SAR of 1.05, 2.1, and 4.2W/kg, respectively [46]). However, Li et al. Otto M, von Mhlendahl KE. [101] exposed rats to microwave radiation at frequencies of 0, 900, 1800 and 2450MHz (SARs: 0, 0.59, 0.58 and 0.66mW/kg, respectively) using a transverse electromagnetic cell for 2months for 2h/d, 5 d/week. Synapses are special structures that are involved in the transmission of electrochemical signals between neurons in the central nervous system. 1988;9:33745. The interaction of microwaves with matter other than metallic conductors will be to rotate molecules and produce heat as result of that molecular motion. Open Access This article is distributed under the terms of the Creative Commons Attribution 4.0 International License (http://creativecommons.org/licenses/by/4.0/), which permits unrestricted use, distribution, and reproduction in any medium, provided you give appropriate credit to the original author(s) and the source, provide a link to the Creative Commons license, and indicate if changes were made. Neurobiol Learn Mem. The authors detected the EEG within the frequency bands of 0.530.0Hz for 5 consecutive days. Nimchinsky EA, Sabatini BL, Svoboda K. Structure and function of dendritic spines. Moreover, the risk of developing Alzheimers disease is 3040% lower in people who use a mobile phone for more than 10years than in other individuals [35]. 2005;22:32931. The largest problem in these studies is that they used different parameters, such as the frequency, modulation, power density and irradiation time, to apply microwave radiation, in addition to using a variety of research methods. Manage cookies/Do not sell my data we use in the preference centre. Behav Brain Res. 2003;80:177. The results were significant for the range from 12.518.0GHz with a service period greater than 10years. Previous studies have shown that in unexposed control rats, hippocampal neurons are aligned in neat rows in which the edges are clear, nuclei are clear, nucleoli can be observed, and pyramidal cells do not exhibit obvious necrosis. It is widely accepted that protein synthesis occurs in neuronal dendrites and may be the cellular basis of learning and memory, during which local protein synthesis and synaptic plasticity are closely linked to the efficiency of communication between neurons. [59] exposed Wistar albino pregnant rats to a 2.45GHz Wi-Fi signal for 2h/d throughout the gestation period and found that the neurodevelopment, cerebral stress equilibrium and cholinesterase activity of the offspring were affected. Google Scholar. The normal function of synaptic vesicles depends on the normal expression of related proteins. In particular, somatization, obsessive compulsivity, paranoid ideation and psychoticism were reported [17]. With the popularity of microwave technology, microwave effects on the human body have become a common topic of concern, and the central nervous system is recognized as a target organ system that is sensitive to microwave radiation. The relationship between NMDA receptors and microwave induced learning and memory impairment: a long term observation on Wistar rats. Protein synthesis is necessary for dendritic spine proliferation in adult brain slices. Most studies have suggested that microwave radiation can cause EEG abnormalities in experimental animals and participants, but some negative results have also been reported in studies using low-power microwaves. Clin Neurophysiol. Krylova I, Dukhanin A, Il'in A, Kuznetsova EY, Balaeva N, Shimanovskii N, et al. 2003;140:147. J Neurosci. EEG is often used as a tool to diagnose Alzheimers disease [48]. Choeiri C, Staines W, Miki T, Seino S, Messier C. Glucose transporter plasticity during memory processing. Xiong et al. [58] exposed volunteers to microwaves at a frequency of 450MHz for 10 repeated intervals of 1min of irradiation and 1min off. Qutob et al. The increase in M1 receptor gene expression along with the impairment of novel preferences in Wi-Fi-exposed animals may suggest a possible role of the cholinergic system in the detrimental effects of Wi-Fi radiation on multisensory integration [100]. The microwave will do its intended job of heating and will start to burn (or cook) the skin tissue. Does MW radiation affect gene expression, apoptotic level, and cell cycle progression of human sh-sy5y neuroblastoma cells? Reduction of Phosphorylated Synapsin I (Ser-553) leads to spatial memory impairment by attenuating GABA release after microwave exposure in Wistar rats. 2017;38:106976. 2007;96:218196. Verma RK, Sisodia R, Bhatia A. Radioprotective role of Amaranthus Gangeticus Linn. Lai H, Horita A, Guy AW. found that long-term treatment with a low dose of microwave radiation reduced the activity and the number of excitatory synapses. Singh S, Mani KV, Kapoor N. Effect of occupational EMF exposure from radar at two different frequency bands on plasma melatonin and serotonin levels. Suhhova A, Bachmann M, Karai D, Lass J, Hinrikus H. Effect of microwave radiation on human EEG at two different levels of exposure. J Med Food. [68] radiated Wistar rats with microwaves (30mW/cm2; SAR value, 14.1W/kg), and then detected the expression of synaptic vesicle-associated proteins and found that synaptophys in I and VAMP-2, which are synaptic fusion proteins, and synaptic vesicle proteins were abnormally expressed to different degrees.